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American Sniper is a 2014 American biographical war drama film[6] directed by Clint Eastwood and written by Jason Hall. It is based on the book American Sniper: The Autobiography of the Most Lethal Sniper in U.S. Military History (2012) by Chris Kyle, with Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice. The film follows the life of Kyle, who became the deadliest marksman in U.S. military history with 255 kills from four tours in the Iraq War, 160 of which were officially confirmed by the Department of Defense. The film stars Bradley Cooper as Kyle and Sienna Miller as his wife Taya, with Luke Grimes, Kyle Gallner, Sam Jaeger, Jake McDorman, and Cory Hardrict in supporting roles.
The world premiere was on November 11, 2014, at the American Film Institute Festival, followed by a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 25, 2014 and a wide release on January 16, 2015. The film became a major commercial success, with a worldwide gross of over $535 million[7], making it the highest-grossing film of 2014 in the United States, the highest-grossing war film of all time unadjusted for inflation, and Eastwood's highest-grossing film to date.
The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, though it attracted some controversy over its portrayal of both the War in Iraqand of Chris Kyle. At the 87th Academy Awards, American Sniper received six nominations, including Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Actor for Cooper, ultimately winning one award for Best Sound Editing.[8]

Plot[edit]

Growing up in Texas, Chris Kyle is taught by his father how to shoot a rifle and hunt deer. Years later, Chris is a rodeo cowboy when he sees news coverage of the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings and decides to enlist in the U.S. Navy, where he is eventually accepted for SEAL training, becoming a U.S. Navy SEAL sniper.
Chris meets Taya Renae at a bar, they marry, and he is sent to Iraq after the September 11 attacks of 2001. His first kills are a woman and boy who attacked U.S. Marines with a grenade. Chris is visibly upset by the experience but earns the nickname "Legend" for his many kills. He is assigned to hunt for the al-Qaeda leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi; during house-to-house searches in evacuated areas, Chris interrogates a family, and for $100,000 the father offers to lead the SEALs to "The Butcher", al-Zarqawi's second-in-command whose favorite torture device is a drill. The plan goes awry when The Butcher captures the father and son, and kills them while Chris is pinned down by a sniper using an SVD. Meanwhile, the insurgents issue a bounty on Chris.
Chris returns home to his wife and the birth of his son. He is distracted by memories of his war experiences and argues with Taya over bootleg footage of U.S. Marines shot dead by enemy sniper "savages". Taya expresses her concern for them as a couple and wishes Chris would focus on his home and family.
Chris leaves for a second tour, promoted to Chief Petty Officer. He is involved in a shoot out with The Butcher, who is located operating out of a ground floor restaurant.
Chris returns home from his second tour to a newborn daughter, and he becomes increasingly distant from his family. On his third tour, the Dragunov sniper seriously injures a unit member, and the unit is evacuated back to base. The unit decides to return to the field and continue the mission. Another SEAL is killed by gunfire, compelling Chris with guilt and duty to undertake a fourth tour. Taya does not understand his decision, tells him she needs him, and for a moment, implies they should stay apart.
On tour four, the SVD-using expert insurgent sniper is identified as "Mustafa", and Chris is assigned to take him out. Mustafa has been sniping U.S. Army combat engineers building a barricade. Chris's sniper team is placed on a rooftop inside enemy territory. Chris spots Mustafa and takes him out with a risky long distance shot at 2100 yards (1920 meters), (the 8th longest sniper kill ever recorded), but this exposes his team's position to a large number of armed insurgents. In the midst of the firefight and low on ammunition, Chris calls Taya and tells her he is ready to come home. A sandstorm provides cover for a chaotic escape in which Chris is injured and almost left behind.
Chris returns home, on edge and unable to adjust fully to civilian life. He tells a Veterans Affairs psychiatrist he is "haunted by all the guys [he] couldn't save". The psychiatrist encourages him to help wounded veterans in the VA hospital. Chris meets veterans who suffered severe injuries, coaches them at a shooting range in the woods, and gradually begins to adjust to home life.
Years later, on February 2, 2013, Chris, playful and happy, says goodbye to his wife and family as he leaves to spend time with a veteran at a shooting range. An on-screen subtitle reveals: "Chris Kyle was killed that day by a veteran he was trying to help", followed by stock footage of thousands of people standing in line along the highway for his funeral procession. Thousands more are shown[9] attending his memorial service at Cowboys Stadium (now known as the AT&T Stadium).

Cast[edit]

  • Fahim Fazli Messianic Tribal Leader

Production[edit]

Chris Kyle in 2012
On May 24, 2012, it was announced that Warner Bros. had acquired the rights to the book with Bradley Cooper set to produce and star in the screen adaptation.[10] Cooper had thought of Chris Pratt to play Kyle, but WB agreed to buy it only if Cooper would star.[21] On September 2012, David O. Russell said he was interested in directing the film.[22] On May 2, 2013, it was announced that Steven Spielberg would direct.[23] Spielberg had read Kyle's book, though he desired to have a more psychological conflict present in the screenplay so an "enemy sniper" character can serve as the insurgent sharpshooter who was trying to track down and kill Kyle. Spielberg's ideas contributed to the development of a lengthy screenplay approaching 160 pages. Due to Warner Bros.' budget constraints, Spielberg felt he could not bring his vision of the story to the screen.[4] On August 5, 2013, Spielberg dropped out of directing.[24] On August 21, 2013, it was reported that Clint Eastwood would instead direct the film.[25]

Casting[edit]

On March 14, 2014, Sienna Miller joined the cast.[11] On March 16, 2014, Kyle Gallner was cast,[14] as was Cory Hardrict on March 18, 2014.[17] On March 20, 2014, Navid Negahban, Eric Close, Eric Ladin, Rey Gallegos, and Jake McDorman also joined the cast,[16][18] as did Luke Grimes and Sam Jaeger on March 25, 2014.[13][15] Kevin Lacz, a former Navy SEAL, was also cast and served as a technical advisor.[19] Another former Navy SEAL, Joel Lambert, also joined the film, portraying a Delta sniper.[26] On June 3, Max Charles was added to the cast to portray Kyle's son, Colton Kyle.[12]

Filming[edit]

Principal photography began on March 31, 2014 in Los Angeles;[27] it was also partly shot in Tunisia.[28] On April 23, the Los Angeles Times reported that ten days of filming set in an Afghan village was set to begin at the Blue Cloud Movie Ranch in the Santa Clarita area.[29] On May 7, shooting of the film was spotted around El Centro; a milk factory was used as the abandoned date factory which insurgents close in on from all directions at the climax of the film.[30][31] Later on May 14, Cooper was spotted filming some scenes inCulver City, California,[32] and then he followed by shooting scenes again in Los Angeles on May 16.[33] On May 30, Cooper and Miller were spotted during the filming of their characters' wedding scenes; they were filming aboard a yacht in Marina del Rey.[34] On June 3, Cooper was spotted in the uniform of a Navy SEAL marksman aiming during the filming of some scenes at a Los Angeles shooting range.[35] The pier and bar scenes were filmed in Seal Beach, California.[36] Bradley Cooper gained 40 pounds for his role.
Cinematographer Tom Stern shot the film with Arri Alexa XT digital cameras and Panavision C-, E- and G-Series anamorphic lenses.[37] The film is Eastwood's second to be shot digitally, after Jersey Boys.[38]

Music[edit]

There is no "Music by" credit on this film. Composer and music editor Joseph S. DeBeasi is credited as composer of additional music, and Clint Eastwood, who has composed thescores for most of his films since Mystic River (2004), is credited as the composer of "Taya's theme".[39][40] The film also features the song Someone Like You by Van Morrison, which plays during the wedding scene.[41]

Historical accuracy[edit]

The film takes several dramatic liberties with the story; The Guardian wrote that "this film alters Kyle’s book significantly".[42] The child that Kyle is forced to shoot in his first engagement is not found in the memoir. The characters of Mustafa and the Butcher were created for the film, and Kyle's real-life 2100 yard shot was taken to kill an insurgent holding a rocket launcher.[43] Slate notes that the climatic battle in a sandstorm at the end of the film never took place. A scene in which Kyle finds weapons hidden under an insurgent's floorboards, and the subsequent firefight, was also created solely for the film.

Reception[edit]

Box office[edit]

As of April 7, 2015, American Sniper had grossed $346.5 million in North America and $193.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $539.9 million, against a budget of around $58 million.[3] Calculating in all expenses and revenues, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a profit of $243 million, making it the second most profitable film of 2014 only behind Paramount's Transformers: Age of Extinction.[44] Worldwide, it is the highest-grossing war film of all time (breaking Saving Private Ryan '​s record)[45] and Eastwood's highest-grossing film to date. It is the seventh R-rated film to gross over $500 million.[46]

North America[edit]

In the North America, it is the highest-grossing film of 2014,[47] the highest-grossing war film unadjusted for inflation (on an adjusted basis it stands second to Saving Private Ryanwith $379 million),[48] the second highest-grossing R-rated film of all time (behind The Passion of the Christ),[49] Warner Bros' fourth highest-grossing film (behind The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2),[50] and the eight highest-grossing Best Picture nominee film (behind Avatar, Titanic, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Toy Story 3, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers).[51] It became the seventh Warner Bros' film to earn over $300 million in the U.S. and Canada and the 50th film to reach the mark.[52] It earned as much as the combined earnings of all of the other 2014 Best Picture nominees.[53]On March 8, 2015, it surpassed The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 1 to become the highest-grossing film of 2014,[51] making it the first R-rated film since Saving Private Ryan(1998) and the first non-franchise film since The Grinch (2000) to top the year-end rankings.[51]
American Sniper premiered at the AFI Fest on November 11, 2014, just after a screening of Selma at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles.[54] In North America, the film opened to a limited release on December 25, 2014, playing at four theaters — two in New York, one in Los Angeles, and one in Dallas — and earned $610,000 in its opening weekend ($850,000 including Christmas Day) at an average of $152,500 per venue debuting at #22.[55][56] The following week the film earned $676,909 playing at the same number of locations at an average of $169,277 per theater, which is the second-biggest weekend average ever for a live-action movie (previously held by 2001's Moulin Rouge!).[57] American Sniper holds the record for the most entries in the top 20 Top Weekend Theater Averages with 3 entries. It earned a total of $3.4 million from limited release in three weekends.[58]
The film began its wide debut across North American theaters on January 16, 2015 (Thursday night showings began at 7:00 pm).[59] It set an all-time highest Thursday night opening record for an R-rated drama with $5.3 million (previously held by Lone Survivor).[60][61][62] The film topped the box office on its opening day grossing $30.5 million (including Thursday previews) from 3,555 theaters setting January records for both biggest debut opening (previously held by Cloverfield) and single-day gross (previously held by Avatar).[63][64][65] In its traditional three-day opening the film earned $89.2 million which was double than expected and broke the record for the largest January opening (previously held by Ride Along)[66] and the largest winter opening,[67] which is also Eastwood's top opening as a director (breaking Gran Torino '​s opening).[68] The three-day opening is also the biggest opening weekend for a drama film (previously held by The Passion of the Christ),[69] the second biggest debut for a Best Picture Oscar nominee (behind Toy Story 3),[70] the second biggest debut for an R-rated film (behind The Matrix Reloaded), and the second biggest for a non-comic book, non-fantasy/sci-fi film (behindFast and Furious 6).[70][71] It also set an IMAX opening record with $10.6 million setting record for a January IMAX weekend (previously held by Avatar in its fourth weekend) and an R-rated IMAX debut record (previously held by Prometheus).[72] It earned $107.2 million during its four-day Martin Luther King weekend setting a record for the biggest R-rated four day gross.[73]
In its second weekend, the film expanded to 3,705 theaters making it the second widest launch for an R-rated movie (behind the film itself).[74][75] It grossed an estimated $64.6 million in its second weekend, declining only by 28%—and set the record for the second-best hold ever for a movie opening to more than $85 million and also set the record for the eight largest second-weekend gross.[76][77] In just 10 days of release, the film surpassed Pearl Harbor ($198.5 million) to became the second highest-grossing war film in North America.[78] By its second weekend, Box Office Mojo had already reported that the film was on poise to become the highest-grossing film of 2014 in North America, a record that was, at the time held by The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 ($334 million), judging from its gradual decline and strong holdovers.[79] It became the highest-grossing IMAX film of January grossing $18.8 million from 333 IMAX theaters.[80] On Thursday, January 29, 2015 – 35 days after its initial release, the film surpassed Saving Private Ryan ($216.5 million) to become the highest-grossing war film in North America, unadjusted for inflation.[81]
By its third weekend of wide release, the film expanded to 3,885 theaters (180 additional theaters added), breaking its own record of being the widest R-rated film ever released.[82][83] The film topped the box office through its third weekend earning $30.66 million which is the second highest Super Bowl weekend gross (behind Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert).[84] After topping the box office for three consecutive weekends (the longest of 2015 so far), the film was overtaken by The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water in its fourth weekend.[53]

Other territories[edit]

The film had the biggest debut weekend for a Clint Eastwood movie ever and went on to become the director's top grossing movie of all time in each of the countries it was released in.[85] It opened in Italy at No. 2 with $7.1 million which is Eastwood’s best opening of all time and Warner Bros' second biggest opening for a non-franchise U.S. film there[86] and topped the box office the following weekend.[87] France with $6.3 million,[88] where it topped the box office for four consecutive weekends,[89] Australia with $4.3 million ($4.6 million including previews),[90] the UK, Ireland and Malta with $3.8 million,[91] Spain with $3.2 million,[88] Japan with $2.8 million,[88] Mexico with $2.6 million,[88] Brazilwith $1.8 million,[88] and Korea with $1.2 million.[88]

Critical response[edit]

American Sniper has received mostly positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a "Certified Fresh" rating of 73%, based on 218 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's consensus states, "Powered by Clint Eastwood's sure-handed direction and a gripping central performance from Bradley Cooper, American Sniper delivers a tense, vivid tribute to its real-life subject."[92] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 72 out of 100, based on reviews from 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[93] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave American Sniper a rare grade of A+ on an A+ to F scale.[94]
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "A taut, vivid and sad account of the brief life of the most accomplished marksman in American military annals."[95] Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a positive review, saying "...an excellent performance from a bulked-up Bradley Cooper, this harrowing and intimate character study offers fairly blunt insights into the physical and psychological toll exacted on the front lines..."[96] David Denby of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review, saying "Both a devastating war movie and a devastating antiwar movie, a subdued celebration of a warrior's skill and a sorrowful lament over his alienation and misery."[97] Keith Phipps of The Dissolvewrote that the film, while well-made missed a chance to explore the toll that such service exacts on soldiers. [98] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C+, saying "The film's just a repetition of context-free combat missions and one-dimensional targets."[99] Elizabeth Weitzman of New York Daily News gave the film four out of five stars, saying "The best movies are ever-shifting, intelligent and open-hearted enough to expand alongside an audience. American Sniper [...] is built on this foundation of uncommon compassion."[100] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film four out of five stars, saying "After 40 years of Hollywood counterpropaganda telling us war is necessarily corrupting and malign, [...] American Sniper nobly presents the case for the other side."[101]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "Bradley Cooper, as Navy SEAL Chris Kyle, and director Eastwood salute Kyle's patriotism best by not denying its toll. Their targets are clearly in sight, and their aim is true."[102] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a B, saying "American Sniper is imperfect and at times a little corny, but also ambivalent and complicated in ways that are uniquely Eastwoodian."[103] James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars out of four, saying "American Sniper lifts director Clint Eastwood out of the doldrums that have plagued his last few films."[104] Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Cooper nails the role of an American killing machine in Clint Eastwood's clear-eyed look at the Iraq War."[105] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, saying "Eastwood's impeccably crafted action sequences so catch us up in the chaos of combat we are almost not aware that we're watching a film at all."[106] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying "It's clearly Cooper's show. Substantially bulked up and affecting a believable Texas drawl, Cooper embodies Kyle's confidence, intensity and vulnerability."[107] Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York gave the film four out of five stars, saying "Only Clint Eastwood could make a movie about an Iraq War veteran and infuse it with doubts, mission anxiety and ruination."[108]
Matt Taibbi, of Rolling Stone, wrote that the movie turned the complicated moral morass and mass-bloodshed of the Iraq occupation into a black and white fairy tale, without presenting the historical context.[109] John Wight of Russia Today stated that American Sniper depicted the Iraqi people as a dehumanized mass of savages, which the white man was in the process of civilizing.[110] Alex von Tunzelmann of The Guardian argued that the film presented a simplified black and white portrayal of the Iraq war, and that it features the distortion of facts into unreliable myths based upon previous legends.[111] David Masciotra of Salon criticized the movie's focus on physical rather than moral courage as the ultimate manly virtue.[112] Cavalry Scout Sniper Garett Reppenhagen stated that he did not view Iraqi civilians as savages, but as part of a friendly culture for which the movie has furthered ignorance, fear, and bigotry.[113] Cinematographer Paul Edwards wrote in CounterPunch that he believes the film to be dangerous due to mutilating the classic hero's journey into a simplistic, brutal, and sadistic destruction of "evildoers".[114] Inkoo Kang of The Wrap gave the film a negative review, saying "Director Clint Eastwood‘s focus on Kyle is so tight that no other character, including wife Taya (Sienna Miller), comes through as a person, and the scope so narrow that the film engages only superficially with the many moral issues surrounding the Iraq War."[115] Several other articles have also been critical of the movie.[116][117][118][119][120]
Responding to critics, Eastwood said that American Sniper shows "what it (war) does to the people left behind",[121] and that presenting "the fact of what [war] does to the family and the people who have to go back into civilian life like Chris Kyle did" is the "biggest antiwar statement any film" can make.[122] He stated: "One of my favorite war movies that I've been involved with is Letters from Iwo Jima and that was about family, about being taken away from life, being sent someplace. In World War II, everybody just sort of went home and got over it. Now there is some effort to help people through it."[122] He also said: "I was a child growing up during World War II. That was supposed to be the one to end all wars. And four years later, I was standing at the draft board being drafted during the Korean conflict, and then after that there was Vietnam, and it goes on and on forever ... I just wonder ... does this ever stop? And no, it doesn't. So each time we get in these conflicts, it deserves a lot of thought before we go wading in or wading out. Going in or coming out. It needs a better thought process, I think."[123]
Bradley Cooper stated that much of the criticism ignores that the film was about widespread neglect of returning veterans, and that people who take issue with Kyle should redirect their attention to the leaders who put troops there in the first place. He said: "We looked at hopefully igniting attention about the lack of care that goes to vets. Discussion that has nothing to do with vets or what we did or did not do, every conversation in those terms is moving farther and farther from what our soldiers go through, and the fact that 22 veterans commit suicide each day." Cooper said that an increasing number of soldiers are returning from conflict psychologically damaged, only to be more or less discarded.[124]
First Lady Michelle Obama and former Republican Party vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin also spoke out in support of the movie.[125][126][127]

Accolades[edit]

List of awards and nominations
Award / Film festivalCategoryRecipient(s) and nominee(s)ResultRef(s)
Academy AwardsBest PictureClint Eastwood, Robert Lorenz, Andrew Lazar, Bradley Cooper,Peter MorganNominated[128]
Best ActorBradley CooperNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJason HallNominated
Best Film EditingJoel Cox and Gary D. RoachNominated
Best Sound EditingAlan Robert Murray and Bub AsmanWon
Best Sound MixingJohn T. Reitz, Gregg Rudloff and Walt MartinNominated
Art Directors Guild AwardsExcellence in Production Design for a Contemporary FilmJames J. Murakami, Charisse CardenasNominated[129]
ACE Eddie AwardsBest Edited Feature Film – DramaticJoel Cox and Gary D. RoachNominated[130]
American Film Institute Awards 2014Top Ten Films of the Year
Won[131]
British Academy Film AwardsBest Adapted ScreenplayJason HallNominated[132]
Best SoundWalt Martin, John Reitz, Gregg Rudloff, Alan Robert Murray, Bub AsmanNominated
Cinema Audio Society AwardsOutstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live ActionWalt Martin, Gregg Rudloff, John Reitz, Robert Fernandez, Thomas J. O’Connell, James AshwellNominated[133]
Critics' Choice AwardBest Action MovieAmerican SniperNominated[134]
Best Actor in an Action MovieBradley CooperWon
Denver Film Critics SocietyBest PictureAmerican SniperWon[135][136]
Best DirectorClint EastwoodNominated
Best ActorBradley Cooper (tied with Ralph Fiennes in The Grand Budapest Hotel)Won
Best Supporting ActressSienna MillerNominated
Best Adapted ScreenplayJason HallNominated
Best CinematographyTom SternNominated
Directors Guild of America AwardOutstanding Directing – Feature FilmClint EastwoodNominated[137]
Empire AwardsBest ActorBradley CooperNominated[138]
Iowa Film CriticsBest Movie Yet to Open in IowaAmerican Sniper (tied with A Most Violent Year)Won[139]
MPSE Golden Reel AwardsFeature English Language - Effects/FoleyBub Asman, Alan Robert MurrayWon[140]
MTV Movie AwardsMovie of the YearAmerican SniperPending[141]
Best Male PerformanceBradley CooperPending
National Board of ReviewTop Ten Film
Won[142]
Best DirectorClint EastwoodWon
Producers Guild of America AwardsBest Theatrical Motion PictureBradley Cooper, Clint Eastwood, Andrew Lazar, Robert Lorenz, Peter MorganNominated[143]
Satellite AwardsBest Adapted ScreenplayJason HallNominated
Best EditingGary Roach and Joel CoxNominated
Saturn AwardsBest Thriller FilmAmerican SniperPending
Writers Guild of America AwardsBest Adapted ScreenplayJason HallNominated[144]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up^ "AMERICAN SNIPER (15)". British Board of Film Classification. December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
  2. Jump up^ "American Sniper". Ontario Film Review Board. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c "American Sniper (2014)". Box Office Mojo. IMDB. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b Ben Block, Alex (January 2, 2015). "The Making of 'American Sniper': How an Unlikely Friendship Kickstarted the Clint Eastwood Film". The Hollywood Reporter. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2015. a slender $60 million
  5. Jump up^ Brent Lang (January 14, 2015). "Box Office: 'American Sniper' Aims for Biggest Weekend of Clint Eastwood's Career". Variety. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  6. Jump up^ "American Sniper (2014)". AllMovie. Retrieved January 28, 2014.
  7. Jump up^ "American Sniper (2014) - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
  8. Jump up^ Chumley, Cheryl K. (February 23, 2015). "‘American Sniper’ wins Academy Award — for sound editing". The Washington Times (Washington, D.C.). Retrieved February 23,2015. Alan Robert Murray and Bub Asman accepted the statue for their work on the Clint Eastwood-directed film. They're two-time Oscar winners and beat out several other top-tier candidates for the award.
  9. Jump up^ "How Clint Eastwood and Bradley Cooper Asked Father of American Sniper Chris Kyle for Permission to Film the Navy SEAL Hero's Life". Daily Mail.
  10. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bradley Cooper Sets Up Navy SEAL Pic 'American Sniper' at Warner Bros. (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b "Sienna Miller Joins 'American Sniper' With Bradley Cooper - /Film". Slashfilm.com. 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  12. ^ Jump up to:a b Sneider, Jeff (3 June 2014). "‘Amazing Spider-Man’ Actor to Play Bradley Cooper's Son in ‘American Sniper’". thewrap.com. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  13. ^ Jump up to:a b "‘Fifty Shades of Grey’ Actor to Co-star With Bradley Cooper in ‘American Sniper’ (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b "'Dear White People' Star Kyle Gallner Joins Bradley Cooper in 'American Sniper' (Exclusive)". TheWrap. 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b "Sam Jaeger Enlists For 'American Sniper'; Jon Tenney Joins 'The Best Of Me'". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  16. ^ Jump up to:a b "'Greek' Star Jake McDorman, Real Navy SEALs Join Bradley Cooper's 'American Sniper' (Exclusive)". TheWrap. 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  17. ^ Jump up to:a b "Daniel Bernhardt Joins 'Term Life'; 'American Sniper' Adds Cory Hardrict". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  18. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "4 Join Clint Eastwood's 'American Sniper'". Deadline.com. Retrieved2014-04-13.
  19. ^ Jump up to:a b Hedelt, Rob (2014-04-23). "King George: Ex-SEAL helping keep film on target; The News Desk". News.fredericksburg.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2014-04-25.
  20. Jump up^ Taylor, Adam (2015-01-22). "Iraqi Sniper: The Legendary Insurgent Who Claimed to Have Killed Scores of American Troops". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-03-06.
  21. Jump up^ Los Angeles Times (December 25, 2014). "Makers of 'American Sniper' press ahead to tell a tale of war and home". latimes.com.
  22. Jump up^ "Bradley Cooper and David O. Russell May Re-team for AMERICAN SNIPER". Collider.com. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  23. Jump up^ "Steven Spielberg's Next Movie: 'American Sniper'". Hollywood Reporter. 2013-02-05. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
  24. Jump up^ Fleming, Mike. "Steven Spielberg Drops Out of Directing 'American Sniper'". Deadline.com. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
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  26. Jump up^ "Joel Lambert Books ‘American Sniper’". deadline.com. 16 May 2014. Retrieved17 May 2014.
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  32. Jump up^ GUSMAROLI, DANIELLE (15 May 2014). "Bradley Cooper shows off his bulkier frame on the set of American Sniper with co-star Sienna Miller after gaining a dramatic 40lbs for the role". dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  33. Jump up^ "Bradley Cooper Shoots Scenes for "American Sniper" in LA". gossipcenter.com. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  34. Jump up^ KIRBY, IONA (31 May 2014). "You may now kiss the bride! Sienna Miller looks stunning in a wedding dress while smooching Bradley Cooper for American Sniper scene".dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
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  47. Jump up^ "2014 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
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  49. Jump up^ "DOMESTIC GROSSES BY MPAA RATING". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 17,2015.
  50. Jump up^ "Box Office by Studio - Warner Bros.". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
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  52. Jump up^ Anthony D'Alessandro. "‘American Sniper’ Crosses $300M, Warner’s No. 5 Best Domestic Run: Pic’s Road To Success". Deadline.com date = February 15, 2015. RetrievedFebruary 16, 2015.
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  54. Jump up^ "'American Sniper' Is AFI Fest's Secret Screening". deadline.com. November 10, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  55. Jump up^ Ray Subers (December 28, 2014). "Weekend Report (cont.): Huge Limited Debuts for 'American Sniper,' 'Selma'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  56. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 15, 2015). "Lowest-Grossing Best Picture Nominees Since Category Expansion". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
  57. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 4, 2015). "Weekend Report: 'Hobbit' Finale Three-Peats on First Weekend of 2015". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  58. Jump up^ "TOP WEEKEND THEATER AVERAGES". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 15,2015.
  59. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 15, 2015). "Forecast: 'Sniper' Sets Sights on January Record". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
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  61. Jump up^ Dave McNary (January 16, 2015). "Box Office: ‘American Sniper’ Scores Hit with $5.3 Million on Thursday Night". Variety. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  62. Jump up^ Pamela McClintock (January 16, 2015). "Box Office: 'American Sniper' Scores Record $5.3M Thursday Night". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
  63. Jump up^ Anthony D'Alessandro (January 17, 2015). "‘American Sniper’ Makes Eastwood’s Friday With $30.5M, Can It Hit $80M By Monday? – Saturday Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  64. Jump up^ Pamela McClintock (January 16, 2015). "Box-Office Shocker: 'American Sniper' Tops Friday With $30.5M, Could Approach $80M". The Hollywood Reporter. RetrievedJanuary 18, 2015.
  65. Jump up^ Maana Khatchatourian (January 17, 2015). "‘American Sniper’ Earns Record-Breaking $30.5 Mil Friday, Shoots for $80 Mil-Plus Weekend". Variety. Retrieved January 18,2015.
  66. Jump up^ "TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 24,2015.
  67. Jump up^ "TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 24,2015.
  68. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 18, 2015). "Weekend Report: 'Sniper' Sets January Record with Stunning $90 Million Debut". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
  69. Jump up^ Scott Mendelson (January 18, 2015). "Box Office: Clint Eastwood's 'American Sniper' Earns Massive $90.2M Weekend". Forbes. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
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  71. Jump up^ Pamela McClintock (January 18, 2015). "Box-Office Shocker: 'American Sniper' Now Targeting $105M Debut". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  72. Jump up^ Scott Mendelson (January 19, 2015). "Thoughts On 'American Sniper: The IMAX Experience'". Forbes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  73. Jump up^ Pamela McClintock (January 20, 2015). "Final Box Office: 'American Sniper' Even Bigger, Hits $107.2M Over MLK Weekend". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 22,2015.
  74. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 22, 2015). "Forecast: 'Sniper' to Easily Fight Off Weak Competition This Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  75. Jump up^ "WIDEST RELEASES BY MPAA RATING". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 24,2015.
  76. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 25, 2015). "Weekend Report: 'Sniper' Scores Stunning $64 Million in Second Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  77. Jump up^ Anthony D'Alessandro (January 26, 2015). "‘American Sniper’ Higher In Actuals With $200.4M, Oscar Fare Surging – Monday Final Box Office". Deadline.com. RetrievedJanuary 27, 2015.
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  79. Jump up^ Ray Subers (January 25, 2015). "Weekend Report: 'Sniper' Scores Stunning $64 Million in Second Weekend". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
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  82. Jump up^ Dave McNarry (January 28, 2015). "Box Office: ‘American Sniper’ to Dominate Super Bowl Weekend with $35 Million". Variety. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  83. Jump up^ Anthony D'Alessandro (January 28, 2015). "Super Bowl Won’t Sideline ‘American Sniper': Box Office Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  84. Jump up^ Anthony D'Alessandro (February 2, 2015). "‘American Sniper’ Misses Super Bowl Record; Most Top 10 Films Off – Monday B.O. Actuals". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 3,2015.
  85. Jump up^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 8, 2015). "‘American Sniper’ Shoots Past $500M At Global B.O.; More Eastwood Records Set". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  86. Jump up^ Nancy Tartaglione (January 6, 2015). "‘Sniper’ Hits Bullseye For Eastwood In Italy, ‘Hobbit’ Grows: Intl BO Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  87. Jump up^ Nancy Tartaglione (January 13, 2015). "Strong Frame For Fox, Eastwood, Local Pics At International Box Office: Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  88. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Nancy Tartaglione (February 24, 2015). "‘Fifty Shades’ Still Sexy At Overseas Box Office; Chinese New Year Festive For ‘Kingsman’ – In’tl B.O.Update".Deadline.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  89. Jump up^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 15, 2015). "‘Cinderella’ Tops International Box Office As ‘Fifty Shades’ Joins Uni’s Top 10". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
  90. Jump up^ Nancy Tartaglione (January 27, 2015). "‘Sniper’, ‘Boy Next Door’, ‘Mortdecai’ Up In Actuals; ‘Taken 3′ Cume Shifts: Intl BO". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  91. Jump up^ Nancy Tartaglione (January 21, 2015). "‘Sniper’ Hits Eastwood Highs; ‘Taken’, ‘Son’ Top International Box Office: Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
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  109. Jump up^ Taibbi, Matt (21 Jan 2015). "'American Sniper' is almost too dumb to criticize". Rolling Stone Magazine. Retrieved 6 Feb 2015.
  110. Jump up^ Wight, John (23 Jan 2015). "Hollywood uses ‘American Sniper’ to destroy history & create myth". Russia Today. Retrieved 6 Feb 2015.
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  112. Jump up^ Masciotra, David (1 Feb 2015). "Civil war at the cineplex: "American Sniper," "Selma" and the battle over American masculinity". Salon. Retrieved 2 Feb 2015.
  113. Jump up^ Reppenhagen, Garett (1 Feb 2015). "I was an American sniper, and Chris Kyle’s war was not my war". Salon. Retrieved 2 Feb 2015.
  114. Jump up^ Edwards, Paul (4 Feb 2015). "The Sociopath as Hero". CounterPunch. Retrieved 6 Feb2015.
  115. Jump up^ Inkoo Kang. "'American Sniper' Review: War Plays Out Like a Video Game in Clint Eastwood's Navy SEAL Biopic". TheWrap. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  116. Jump up^ Hedges, Chris (25 Jan 2015). "Killing Ragheads for Jesus". Truthdig. Retrieved 26 Jan2015.
  117. Jump up^ Pulliam Bailey, Sarah (14 Jan 2015). "Here’s the faith in the ‘American Sniper’ you won’t see in the film". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 Feb 2015.
  118. Jump up^ Beauchamp, Zack (21 Jan 2015). "American Sniper is a dishonest whitewash of the Iraq war". Vox. Retrieved 28 Jan 2015.
  119. Jump up^ Alvarez, Max (30 Jan 2015). "From Psychopaths to American Hero? A Short History of Sniper Cinema". Counterpunch. Retrieved 31 Jan 2015.
  120. Jump up^ Scranton, Roy (25 Jan 2015). "The Trauma Hero: From Wilfred Owen to "Redeployment" and "American Sniper"". Los Angeles Review Of Books. Retrieved 8 Feb 2015.
  121. Jump up^ Haithman, Diane (January 24, 2015). "Eastwood Talks Impact Of 'American Sniper' At PGA Nominees Breakfast". Deadline.com.
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  123. Jump up^ Howell, Peter (January 16, 2015). "Think before you shoot, Clint Eastwood says of war: interview". The Star.
  124. Jump up^ Buckley, Cara (February 2, 2015). "Bradley Cooper Says ‘American Sniper’ Debate Ignores Plight of Veterans". The New York Times.
  125. Jump up^ "Remarks by the First Lady at Got Your Six Screenwriters Event - Conversation on the Power of Telling Veterans' Stories". WhiteHouse.gov. 30 January 2015. Retrieved31 January 2015.
  126. Jump up^ "First Lady Michelle Obama Offers Praise for ‘American Sniper’". Variety. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  127. Jump up^ Sarah Palin To Critics Of 'American Sniper' Movie: God Bless Our Snipers, Ahiza Garcia, January 21, 2015, Talking Points Memo
  128. Jump up^ "Oscar Nominations: 'Grand Budapest Hotel' & 'Birdman' Lead Way With 9 Noms; 'Imitation Game' Scores 8". Deadline.com. January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15,2015.
  129. Jump up^ "'Birdman', 'Foxcatcher' Among Art Directors Guild Nominees". Deadline.com. January 5, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  130. Jump up^ "‘American Sniper,’ ‘Boyhood,’ ‘Gone Girl’ Among ACE Eddie Award Nominees (FULL LIST)". Variety. January 2, 2015. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
  131. Jump up^ "AFI List of Top Ten Films Expands to Include 11 Movies". The Hollywood Reporter. December 9, 2014. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
  132. Jump up^ "BAFTA Nominations: ‘Grand Budapest Hotel’ Leads With 11 – Full List". Deadline.com. January 8, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  133. Jump up^ "Cinema Audio Society Nominates 'American Sniper,' 'True Detective' and More". Indiewire. January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  134. Jump up^ Erik Pedersen. "Critics’ Choice Awards Winners 2015 — Full List: ‘Boyhood’, ‘Birdman’ - Deadline". Deadline.
  135. Jump up^ "Denver critics nominate 'American Sniper,' 'Birdman' and 'Inherent Vice'". Hitfix. January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
  136. Jump up^ "Denver critics name Clint Eastwood's 'American Sniper' the year's best film". Hitfix. January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
  137. Jump up^ "DGA Awards Film Nominations: Anderson, Eastwood, Inarritu, Linklater, Tyldum". Deadline.com. January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  138. Jump up^ "Vote Now For The Jameson Empire Awards 2015". empireonline.com.
  139. Jump up^ "'Boyhood' is Iowa Critics' Best Picture of 2014". Hitfix. January 7, 2015. RetrievedJanuary 9, 2015.
  140. Jump up^ "'Birdman,' 'Apes' Top 2015 Golden Reel Nominations". Deadline.com. January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  141. Jump up^ "Here Are Your 2015 MTV Movie Awards Nominees". MTV News.
  142. Jump up^ "National Board of Review Announces 2014 Award Winners". National Board of Review. December 2, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
  143. Jump up^ "'American Sniper,' 'Birdman' & 'Boyhood' Among PGA Awards Nominees". Deadline.com. January 5, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  144. Jump up^ "Writers Guild Awards Nominations: 'Whiplash', 'Gone Girl', 'Guardians' On Diverse List". Deadline.com. January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2015. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sniper_%28film%29
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